Hamlet Effects Of Revenge On Characters And Society

Hamlet: Effects of Revenge on Characters and Society Revenge can be termed as an action of hurting or harming someone in return for an injury or wrong suffered at his or her hands. Revenging is known to cause more harm to both the parties involved. Different literature works has widely used revenge to show impact of a conflict and to institute drama. Shakespeare is one of the famous authors who have utilized revenge in their literature works to make his audience ground to following his works. In this paper, we are going to look at the effects of revenge in Hamlet and the effects it has on the characters and the society. Hamlet is a play plotted on revenge, a number of characters try to lure their foes into death or misery in what†¦show more content†¦This plot creates a prolonged conflict that becomes the foundation of the play. In one attempt in trying to make the king admit his wrongdoing, he stages a play where actors play out his father’s death in front of King Claudius. The king is traumatized and the reaction he gives confirms he is guilty of the murder. Therefore, revenge is an element that creates conflict and decisions in the society. Revenge leads to recklessness and losses of lives in a society. Hamlet despite learning of his father’s death in early stages of the play he fails to act swiftly in avenging it. Consequently, other people die because of the failed revenge. Such deaths include Polonius, Ophelia Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (Jamieson, 1). On the contrary, Laertes upon learning of his father’s murder, he reacts swiftly and recklessly. He threatens the king that he will overthrow him if he does not describe how Polonius was killed. Laertes upon learning that Hamlet is the killer swears that he will take revenge. He swears, â€Å"Only I’ll be revenged most thoroughly for my father† (Hamlet, IV, V, 133-134). Laertes and King Claudius make a deal to exterminate Hamlet. Eventually this plans backfires and leads to their own death. Therefore, revenge is seen to make characters behave irrationally and this leads to deaths of other characters. Irrational actions may lead to haste or excessive contemplations thatShow MoreRelatedA Traditional Revenge Tragedy Approach To Hamlet759 Words   |  4 PagesA Traditional Revenge Tragedy approach involves the drama of a character seeking revenge for an injury or caused by another character (Reedy). In the play of Hamlet, this approach can easily be seen in the character Hamlet’s plot to â€Å"remember† his father. After his father’s death, Hamlet spends the whole play concocting a plan to avenge his father. He develops a play to bring guilt to his father’s murderer and to convince the royal subjects of their king’s foul sin. The tragedy in this approach occursRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare852 Words   |  4 Pagestragedy, Hamlet, the churning tides of and hate are very prominent, but, as the character’s personalities collide and develop, revenge is the key that unlocks their unprecedented doom. There are different styles of writing in t his piece that represents revenge. From the start of the play (the epilogue) there were signs of different styles of writing. Looking more closely to the text, Hamlet would address the royalty in the poetic form while addressing to people under him in old English. Revenge isRead MoreThe Death Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1325 Words   |  6 Pagesbe seen in Hamlet, when King Hamlet dies in the beginning of the play. Hamlet, like any other Shakespearean tradgedy, contains a series betrayal and death. Hamlet seeks revenge when his deceased father’s ghost tells him that his uncle, Claudius, murdered him. Since Hamlet’s grief for his father was expressed more than any other character, the strong bond between Hamlet and his father is clearly seen. Along the way, death finds other characters and corruption follows. Throughout Hamlet, death becomesRead MoreHamlet Cause and Effect Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesCause and Effect Essay – Elizabethan Target Audience â€Å"Always mystify, torture, mislead, and surprise the audience as much as possible (Roff).† Hamlet is a dramatic production written by William Shakespeare. â€Å"The play, set in the Kingdom of Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for murdering the old King Hamlet, Claudiuss own brother and Prince Hamlets father, and then succeeding to the throne and marrying Gertrude, the King Hamlets widow and mother of PrinceRead MoreCommon Themes In The Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1071 Words   |  5 Pagescommon theme throughout his many works. He uses characters to show the flaws in humans and as society .   In   Shakespeares classic play The Tragedy of Hamlet, the main character, Hamlet is shown with wanting revenge on his mother and uncle after his father’s death.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this play Hamlet feels the need avenge his father, as well as dealing with being â€Å"mad†. In his mantle break he murders the father of h is love, Ophelia, and her brother. The theme of revenge is strung out throughout the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚   It isRead MoreHamlet : A Cycle Of Revenge1165 Words   |  5 Pagesin the case of The Tragedy of Hamlet, the Shakespearean masterpiece, parents may face untimely deaths at the hands of enemies. This, of course, commences a cycle of revenge, a cycle where an equilibrium of justice is attempted to be reached through retribution. But much too often this cycle of retribution has little thought. Despite following a procedure with valid, emotional roots and a lengthy pensive phase, there is rarely logic in the emotional process of revenge, but rather invented, false logicsRead MoreBeowulf : The Comparison Of Hamlet And Grendels Mother1221 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet and Beowulf : The Comparison of Hamlet and Grendel’s Mother After the immoral loss of a beloved family member, friend, or leader, one’s ideas on how to overcome the situation may be questionable. Dealing with the death of a loved one can leave an enormous toll on the well-being and psychological state of a person. In some cases, it may direct them towards taking the path of extreme measures in order to restore their mental balance. In the literary works Hamlet by William Shakespeare and BeowulfRead MoreHamlet s Attempt For Pursue Revenge Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet’s Attempt to Pursue Revenge Theatrical plays are usually created to teach the audience a moral or lesson. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, there are quite a few lessons. The moral that the play conveys the most is the path of revenge has destructive consequences.Hamlet’s pursues revenge at all cost but the justice he seeks leads to tragedy. Hamlet’s attempt to pursue revenge did not result in justice because it had negative consequences on all the characters involved. To understand the meaningRead MoreComparing The Ghost Character in ‘Hamlet’ and ‘Snow in Midsummer’1797 Words   |  7 Pagesmost famous drama which was written by Guan Hanqing. Hamlet, one of the four famous tragedies which is written by William Shakespeare from between 1599 to 1602. This drama tells the story of his uncle Claudius murdered Hamlets father, usurped the throne and married the kings widow, Gertrude. In order to get back the throne, Prince Hamlet He was determined to avenge for his fathers murder from his uncle. In all the works of Shakespeare, Hamlet is probably the most controversial film, which is alsoRead MoreThe Life of William Shakespeare669 Words   |  3 Pagesoften creating a debate. The causes and effects are responsible for the different points of view on Hamlet. Shakespeare may display multiple themes throughout each of his plays, which also led to a debate, themes including, love, hatred, power, incest, but above all is revenge. Revenge is a theme that has been unquestionably displayed in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet along with multiple other themes. Claudius had secretly sent orders for the death of Hamlet upon his arrival to England. In Claudius’

Banning Speech Codes On Campuses - 1811 Words

After recent violence activists arose in college campuses the culprit being unregulated speech. Many campuses are forming regulations on speech codes on campuses, others choose to remain unregulated. The decision is not put at ease with the first and fourteen amendment conflicting between the citizens’ rights to freedom of expression, and the right for equal educational opportunities. Is there a middle ground that allows individuals continue their education in the sanction of a college campuses while not infringing on others’ right to speech? The possibility is there were we can decide what protected and unprotected speech is without turning the first amendment into a tool of domination. The fourteen amendment Students addresses the rights†¦show more content†¦But not if they liked Gore† (Dolgow). The same cannot occur on a college campus, however the fear remains on information on others can be used or freedom of expression in a college setting. The fact remains that there is a substantial difference between a corporation and a university. Universities are meant to be a place of learning and just like science is able to accept new theories, we should be willing to accept new ideas. Building tolerance as a community allows us to embraces unpopular ideas. That being said, there is very good reasons to protect offensive or unpopular speech. During the 1950’s, minority groups didn’t have the right to vote and civil rights movements sprung across the country. Voting right activists in the South experienced various forms of mistreatment and violence. One such event on March 7, 1965, â€Å"when peaceful participants in a voting rights march fr om Selma, Alabama, to the state capital in Montgomery were met by Alabama state troopers who attacked them with nightsticks, tear gas and whips after they refused to turn back† (Voting Rights Act). One can conclude based on the reactions, the decision to call in the state troopers and the state troopers attacking the protestors, that these individuals found the protest offensive and threating their values of white supremacy. Therefore, should we banned offensive or popular speech solely on the fact that these speech may make some individuals feel uncomfortable or offended? Some

Hollandpoetryproject Essay Example For Students

Hollandpoetryproject Essay Both authors also use imagery to demonstrate the theme of dysfunctional implies and how the family members are affected by this dysfunction. Finally, the authors use imagery in both Rush Hour and My Papas Waltz to develop the underlying theme of rough behavior or violence. Both Rotten and Terracotta use imagery to convey a childs perception off parent or adult. In My Papas Waltz, the child perceives that his father is drinking when he states the whiskey on your breath could make a small boy dizzy (l. 1-2). The father drinking is apparently quite frequent in the household. The boy is excited and at the same time frightened by he waltz when he says But I hung on like death: such waltzing was not easy (l. 3-4) Rotten conveys the image that the child loves his father but is still apprehensive of the nightly ritual because he cannot keep up with the dancing. Rotten also points out, the child perceives that the mother disapproves of the so called waltz when it is stated my mothers countenance could not unfrozen itself but she did nothing to Hollander BY canasta 2971 he use tot Imagery In [header Reroutes poems. Rotten and AR 80th authors The when he say: Rottener conveys the IR rhea re It perceive: dated ray mothers co stop the dance even when the pans slid from the kitchen SSH Iterations Rush Hour, the author uses imagery to show h with her mother and adults on the train when she points out once moved to touch her or to be touched (l. 8-9). This is UN small child. The author further points out, that the child ref at the adults when they question her such as when the condo broke her arm when, in fact, most young children love to tell happened to them (l. 4). She looked out to the big, shaded man (l. 25). This indicated that she had been taught to be quiz an adult outside the family. In both My Papas Waltz and R used imagery to demonstrate the theme of family dysfunction Rotten also uses imagery to show a dysfunctional family but dysfunction. The author states l hung on like death; such WA again when he notices that his father has been drinking and breath (l. 1-4). The child does not like th e nightly dance ritual his father. Rotten shows how regardless of the circumstance drunk, the child still loves and adores him and at bedtime the your shirt (1. 16). This is the childs way of coping with the days Iterations Rush Hour, there are many references that give hat is dysfunctional. When she states the babys scabbed FAA womans shoulder and the little girl at her side with her arm a picture of children who are undergoing some sort of abuse Terracotta notes that the young girls behavior is not that of a her mother. When the kind man and the conductor make ins childrens injuries the mother is quick to speak for her children who supposedly injured the baby (l. 20). She pleads, It was a mean to do it (l. 22). We can tell that she is really defending is afraid of anyone finding out about the dysfunction within h home life. Again, when the conductor asked about the broke She doesnt like to talk about that, we can tell that the moth secrets within her family (l. 26). Rotten and Terracotta both an underlying theme of rough behavior or violence. In My P shows rough behavior on the part of the father when he says wrist was battered on one knuckle (l. 9-10). The battered an extreme description of a knuckle and implies rough behavior. His father frequently waltzed him around rather roughly beef bed each night. We get the image off child who loves his fat little wary of him when he is drinking. He notes at every set ear scraped a buckle, which indicates the father was drinking rough he was with his son (1. 11-12). .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 , .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .postImageUrl , .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 , .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07:hover , .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07:visited , .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07:active { border:0!important; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07:active , .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07 .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u951e706400250208974c7f0caba64a07:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry English language EssayTerracotta in Rush Hour, rough or violent behavior in many of the lines when she des the children such as a scabbed face in the baby and the little cast (l. 1-3). The imagery of the mother in dark glasses is a the violence of the father because the author states, no one her own dark glasses which indicates that the father uses vi with the children, but with the mother too (l. 27-28). The mother indicates violence when she says It was an accident. He didnt mean to do it, which gives us a picture of a father who has a tendency toward violence with all the family members (l. 2-23). First, we can see that both Terracotta and Rotten used imagery to show us how the children in the story perceived a parent or adult. Also, both authors used imagery to help us see these children were coming from a dysfunctional family and they were learning to cope with this situation. Then, both Terracotta and Rotten used vivid imagery to show us an underlying theme of rough behavior or violence that was present and how it affected the family members.

Yiruma free essay sample

Hiram is the stage name of I Our-ma (born February 15, 1978), a popular internationally known pianist and composer from South Korea. The name Walrus means l shall achieve In Korean. Walrus frequently performs at sold-out concerts In Asia, Europe and North America. His Alma Mater Kings College in England helped him gain European popularity and recognition. Several of his most popular pieces include, River Flows in You, Kiss the Rain, and May Be. His most popular album First Love was released in 2001.He began playing the piano at the age of five, and Ovid to London when he was 11, in 1988, to study at The Purcell School of Music. He possessed dual citizenship of South Korea and the united Kingdom until 2006, when he gave up his UK citizenship to serve in the Navy of South Korea. Contents [hide] * 1 Biography * 2 Musical style * 3 Personal life * 3. 1 Family and spouse * 4 Albums * 4. 1 Studio albums * 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Yiruma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2 Special albums * 4. 3 Live albums * 4. 4 Movie soundtracks * 5 Compilations * 6 References I [Biography Lee Our-ma was born in South Korea and was raised and educated in England.Hiram Egan playing the piano at the age of five, and subsequently moved to London at the age of eleven (1 988), to study at The Purcell School of Music. In December 1 996 he participated in the album The Musicians of Purcell (Decca). Graduating from Purcell School of Music in July 1997, Hiram continued his musical aspirations and completed a Composition major from Kings College London in June 2000. While studying at Kings College, this promising pianist released his first album Love Scene through DECCA records.Additionally, during his time in college, he participated In a casual tour In Europe. Making a historical Impact for his country, Walrus was the first Korean artist to receive an Invitation to perform at the 2002 MIMED In Cannes, France. Early in his career, his albums were released in Europe and Asia, they are now available Internationally through various online sources such as tunes, Amazon, and Yardmans recording label STOMP Records. In 2001 he released his most popular album to date, First Love.His #1 selling piece River Flows in You was on this album and since 2001 this piece has been released on two other albums (First Love Repackaged] and Wedding Essentials: The Ceremony) Hiram released his third album, From The Yellow Room In 2003. Pre-order sales topped 30,000 copies and the album was top-ranked on many popular music charts, including Yeses, Phonon, and Hot Tracks. His 1 2-city Korean tour was a sellout, as well as his November concert at the Seoul National Arts Center. His fourth album is POE-MUSIC. In 2006, the following year, he composed a main theme piece for a popular KBPS drama, Spring Waltz. In his fifth album, h. L. S monologue, he utilized prepared Plano. Hiram has composed untracked for musicals, films and plays. While being Internationally successful In the world music industry, Hiram dutifully decided to fulfill his South Korean patriotic duty of serving his country. Hence, in 2006 he gave up his British citizenship and enlisted in the Korean Navy. Upon completing his service in the Korean Ana, he began the 2008 Hiram Come Back Tour, Rebounded, in 20 cities across Korea.Additionally, on January 1, 2009, he became a DC for KBPS FM Walruss Music from All Around the World. [l] Musical style many listeners who are not familiar with classical music, the solo piano instrumentation and tendency toward movements often leads to labels like new classical or contemporary classical. However, although his composition studies would have included the classics, neither the structure of his pieces nor his technique as a pianist are heavily influenced by them.His music has sometimes been classified vaguely as popular, as shown by the inclusion of his hit piece River Flows in You on a compilation of wedding pieces titled Wedding Essentials: The Ceremony . [2] According to the tunes Store, he is actually considered a World Music[3] or New Age artist. For the actual structure of his music, the movement and reach required to play his pieces average s around Grade 7 by Royal Conservatory standards. Pattern and repetition feature prominently, however, making the structure more like popular pieces or movie themes than traditional solo piano compositions.Yardmans pieces are also heavy in simple melody and rhythm, making them immediately attractive to many modern ears. Family and spouse Hiram married Son Hey-elm on May 27, 2007. [4] The piece 27. May is about his marriage to Son Hey-elm. Son Hey-elms younger sister is the Korean actress Son Tea Young, who attended Yardmans concert with her husband, Swoon Sang-Woo (*RE?) (a famous actor in Korea),[5] while she was pregnant. On his spiritual viewpoint, Hiram has stated, Im Christian, and I am not a New-age artist. Most people misunderstand me. In his album H. I. S Monologue (2006), the artist composed a piece titled, Lord Hold my Hand. [6] 2001 Love Scene * 2001 First Love * 2003 From The Yellow Room * 2005 Destiny of Love * 2005 poems * 2006 H. I. S. Monologue * 2008 P. N. O. N. I Special albums * 2004 Nocturnal Lights They Scatter This album was released on August 5, 2004 and is an exploratory album for the artist. Differentiating itself from Yardmans previous albums, Hiram experiments with electronic music of various genres.The name expresses his concept for the overall feeling of this album. The image of scattering lights in the night sky is reflected in his use of electronic noises to accompany his piano tinkling. Those who classify Hiram in a certain genre were surprised by this album, he is not simply a New Age Romantic pianist. On this album, four of the pieces are composed with electric music and four are piano. These concepts had been previously introduced yet Hiram fully expresses his desire to experiment in this album.Consistently throughout the album, the electronic vibe is present, hence the pieces flow together pleasantly. Live albums * 2005 Yttrium: Live at WHOM Art Hall Released on July 12, 2005, this album includes the recordings for many of his sold out concerts performed at WHOM Art Hall. Yardmans many fans include his enthusiastic female followers, young students and their parents, and older fans who find his USIA soothing and inspirational. His melodies on this album are comforting and molding his music together into a pleasing arrangement. Audiences receive a Unwelcome break from hectic daily lives by relaxing to Yardmans calming pieces. This album contains Yardmans performances during 2003-2004 tours, his sold out solo concerts, and charitable school concerts. Hiram performed pieces from his albums:Love Scene, First Love, From the Yellow Room, Oasis Hiram, and Doggy Poop COST. These live performances were recorded by KBPS using HAD cameras ND maintaining the highest quality to ensure fans can actually see Yardmans facial expressions and witness his lightning fast fingers dance on the piano.Movie soundtracks * 2002 Oasis and Hiram In his 3rd album released on June 20, 2002, Hiram composes a soundtrack for the movie Oasis directed by Lee Change. In this album, the audience is invited to feel the emotions of the actors while watching a visual expression of their love. Yardmans second soundtrack for the Childrens film Doggy Poop COST was released on December 17, 2002. By far the most popular track on this album is Dream. Yiruma free essay sample There are few in this current, modern world who truly understand and communicate music like Yiruma. Starting his phenomenal musical career from the age of five, the Korean Yiruma proves to be a one-of-a-kind pianist. The many unique pieces by the remarkable pianist are individual works of art in every shape and form, as the music touches the listener in almost every possible way. There is a piece for every serene feeling inside of us: from love, to hope, to sadness. Yiruma’s moving music has been spread across Asia, Europe, and the United States. The earliest album was released in two thousand-one. This album was called Love Scene and it contained songs like â€Å"Looking Back† and â€Å"Sunny Rain,† though this album was not the most popular of the several albums he released. The more famous songs came later, these being â€Å"River Flows in You,† on the First Love album and â€Å"Kiss the Rain,† on the From the Yellow Room album. We will write a custom essay sample on Yiruma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His music is today still widely appreciated as magical and eternally magnificent, as every note holds the listener until the very end. Yiruma’s pieces are definitely recommended to anyone who desires music without a pulsating bass line or a screeching vocalist and wants a new kind of way to listen to piano music. On a more personal level, I have listened to almost every piece by this miraculous composer, and I still feel a different emotion every time the first few notes are played. There are still times when I will be listening to one of his songs and I will begin to feel emotional. His music expresses what we, at times, cannot. I, being a writer, sometimes play one of his songs for inspiration, when I find that it provides me with one that is so incredibly profound that I cannot put it into words. The messages that Yiruma selects as the basis for his pieces are true and human, but the way that he fits them into the world of music is stimulating and moving. If you choose to listen to one of Yiruma’s wonderful works I assure you never again will you experience music the same way. In the back of your head, Yiruma will remind you of the magic you heard. You’ll never again feel the same way about Bach.

A Profile of Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts

A Profile of Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts John Roberts is the current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and a George W. Bush appointee. He controversially cast the deciding vote upholding Obamacare. Conservative Credentials: Just after passing the bar exam, a young John Glover Roberts went to work clerking for Chief Justice William H. Rehnquest, a position any aspiring Chief Justice likely would covet. Roberts then went to work for US Attorney General William French during the Reagan administration. Both as an attorney, and as a judge on the US Circuit Court or US Supreme Court, Roberts has reflected his conservative, traditional principles in his rulings. Roberts doesnt make many speeches or write many articles. He prefers to speak through his court opinions. Early Life: Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. was born in Buffalo, NY on Jan. 27, 1955 to John G. Jack, Sr. and Rosemary Podrasky Roberts. His father was an electrical engineer and executive for Bethlehem Steel in Johnstown, Pa. Roberts was brought up by his parents as a Roman Catholic. His penetrating intellect manifested itself as early as elementary school. In the fourth grade, he and his family moved to Long Beach, Ind., where he attended private schools. Despite his intelligence, he was a natural leader and was named captain of his high school football team even though he wasnt its most athletic member. Formative Years: Roberts originally intended to be a history professor, and chose Harvard over Amherst during his senior year in high school. Perhaps because of his Catholic upbringing, Roberts was identified early by liberal classmates and teachers as a conservative, although outwardly he expressed no particularly profound interest in politics. After graduating Harvard College in 1976, he entered Harvard Law School and was well known for not only his intelligence, but his even-temperament, as well. As in high school and college, he was identified as a conservative, but was not politically active. Early Career: After graduating summa cum laude from Harvard and Harvard Law School, Roberts first position was as clerk for Second Circuit Appeals Court Judge Henry Friendly in New York. Friendly was well-known for his disdain for the liberal activism of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren. Next, Roberts worked for Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, who at the time was an associate justice. Legal analysts believe this is where Roberts honed his conservative approach to law, including his skepticism of federal power over the states and his support of executive-branch power in foreign and military affairs. Work With the White House Counsel Under Reagan: Roberts worked briefly for the White House counsel under President Ronald Reagan, where he established himself as a political pragmatist by tackling some of the administrations toughest issues. On the issue of busing, he opposed conservative legal scholar Theodore B. Olson, the assistant attorney general at the time, who argued that Congress could not prohibit the practice. Through memos, Roberts matched legal wits with Congress members and retired Supreme Court justices alike on issues ranging from the separation of powers to housing discrimination and tax law. Justice Department: Before his stint as an associate White House counsel, Roberts worked at the Justice Department under Attorney General William French Smith. In 1986, after his stint as associate counsel, he took a position in the private sector. He returned to the Justice Department in 1989, however, serving as principal deputy solicitor general under President George H.W. Bush. During his confirmation hearings, Roberts drew fire for filing a brief to allow a clergyman to deliver an address to a junior high school graduation, thus blurring the separation of church and state. The Supreme Court voted against the request, 5-4. Path to Judicial Appointment: Roberts returned to private practice at the end of Bushs first term in 1992. He represented a large range of clients including international automakers, the NCAA and the National Mining Company to name just a few. In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Roberts to serve as judge of the DC Circuit Court of Appeals. Democrats held up his nomination until losing control of Congress in 2003. On the bench, Roberts participated in more than 300 rulings and wrote majority opinions for the court in 40 of those cases. Circuit Court: Although he issued and joined many controversial decisions, Roberts most notorious case in the DC court of appeals was Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, in which Osama bin Ladens alleged chauffeur and bodyguard challenged his status as an enemy combatant who could be tried by a military commission. Roberts joined a decision reversing a lower court ruling and sided with the Bush administration, saying that such military commissions are legal under a congressional resolution of Sept. 18, 2001, which authorized the president to use all necessary and appropriate force against al Queda and its backers. Supreme Court Nomination Confirmation: In July 2005, President Bush announced Roberts as his pick to fill the vacancy being created by retiring Supreme Court Associate Justice Sandra Day OConnor. However, after the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist, Bush withdrew Roberts nomination on Sept. 6 and re-nominated him to be chief justice. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on Sept. 29 by a vote of 78-22. Most of the questions Roberts fielded during his confirmation hearings were about his Catholic faith. Roberts stated unequivocally that my faith and my religious beliefs do not play a role in my judging. Personal Life: Roberts married his wife, Jane Sullivan Roberts, in 1996, when they were both in their 40s. After several failed attempts at having children of their own, they adopted two children, Josephine and John.Mrs. Roberts is a lawyer with a private practice firm, and shares her husbands Catholic faith. Friends of the couple say they are deeply religious ... but dont wear it on their sleeves at all.The Robertses attend church in Bethesda, Md. and frequently visit the College of the Holy Cross, in Worcester, Mass., where Jane Roberts is a graduate former trustee (along with Justice Clarence Thomas).

7 Idioms from the Military

7 Idioms from the Military 7 Idioms from the Military 7 Idioms from the Military By Mark Nichol Military terminology and slang is a rich source of expressive expressions. Most, like â€Å"bite the bullet,† are clichà ©s, but some, such as â€Å"bomber crew,† are unusual (so much so, sometimes, that in writing they may require a partial explanation). 1. Awkward Squad This obscure but oh-so-useful phrase originated in military usage to refer to a unit of particularly inept recruits. Now, in civilian usage, it denotes an incompetent or obstructive group in a company or organization. 2. AWOL The acronym for â€Å"absent without leave† (pronounced â€Å"AY-wall†), sometimes spelled AWL (though pronounced the same), refers to the status of military personnel who desert their posts. It now refers in general to somebody who literally abandons a location, mentally disengages, or figuratively rejects a previously held conviction or opinion. 3. Bite the Bullet This expression refers to the tradition of giving a wounded soldier a bullet to bite on in the absence of an anesthetic while performing surgery on him on or near the battlefield. (An alternative theory refers to tearing a cartridge open with one’s teeth, but this wasn’t dangerous or difficult.) In casual use, biting the bullet is facing an unpleasant and/or difficult task. 4. Bomber Crew This phrase refers to the cinematic clichà © of the ethnically mixed crew of a military aircraft, familiar to fans of movies filmed and/or set during World War II: The characters, whether representing the crew of a bomber, soldiers in a platoon, or sailors on a ship, typically included such disparate types as a Jew from New York, a Midwestern farm boy, a tough guy from some rust belt metropolis, a Southerner, and so on. The expression could be used, for example, to refer to the â€Å"bomber-crew inclusiveness† of a poster depicting an ethnically diverse array of people. 5. Close Ranks In military formations, to close ranks is to compress the mass of soldiers after marching or standing apart, generally to create a more formidable offensive or defensive formation. In figurative terms, â€Å"closing ranks† now refers to an act of solidarity such as uniformly supporting someone or something subject to criticism. 6. Rank and File In marching and standing formation, soldiers standing abreast are said to be in the same rank, while a line of troops located from front to back is a file. (From the idea that the closer one is to the front of a marching column or a standing unit, the higher one’s place in the military hierarchy, came the use of the word rank to denote a degree of authority.) Now, â€Å"rank and file† is used figuratively to refer to the â€Å"foot soldiers† the ordinary employees as opposed to the leaders of an organization. 7. Scuttlebutt This term derives from the butt, or cask, that held drinking water on sailing ships; it was scuttled, or provided with a hole in the top, so that water could be drawn. In the same way that office workers gather around a water cooler to share gossip, the scuttlebutt was the locale of idle talk among mariners. Hence, scuttlebutt came to refer to the gossip itself, and the usage was extended to civilian environments. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Cannot or Can Not?How to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Struggle for Womens Vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Struggle for Womens Vote - Essay Example P. 15, John Smart (2001). "20th Century British Drama," Cambridge University Press,UK. The other side of that era had come to be known as the Great Depression in the US. This was brought on by the Wall Street crash of 1929 which swept the world's financial markets. P. 17 As economic conditions deteriorated, coal mine owners reduced miners wages to trigger a massive strike of coal miners. In England, the Labour Party itself and the Trade Union Congress joined 4 million workers in supporting the widespread protest of miners. Hunger marches were later held in London and elsewhere. While the world economy went into a tailspin, a crisis of ideology came along with it. Many begun to doubt the capability of capitalism, already found difficult to defend morally as it were, to deliver jobs and prosperity. Many thinkers saw in the crisis the fulfillment of Marx's ideas that capitalism was doomed. They began to look at communism as one that offered a fairer and more efficient system. Against this backdrop of unfilled needs and prevailing mood for protest, women picked up the fight for suffrage with greater determination and, after a long and hard struggle, won it. "The developing sense of women's rights and their roles in society is a major theme of the 20th century" Smart,p.8 The protest movement began and ended in Britain such that the coining of the term"suffragette" was attributed to London's Daily Mail. Ruth Rasnic (2006) "The 20th Century - The Century That Made an Impact," Jewish Women International, Vol. 1, Issue 5. It was coined in a derisive vein, which reflected the general attitude towards the movement. Why - Reasons for the protest As far back as the Edwardian era in the 19th century British women had rebelled against their condition as the largest underclass of that time. P.7, Smart. The more educated women became, the sharper their awareness grew on the discrimination they had suffered in a male-dominated world. This was among the topics taken up by the "Blue Stocking" ladies in England, who had counterparts in the US, France and other countries in Europe, as they gathered regularly for tea and literary, intellectual or entertainment discussions. Ruth Rasnic (2006) believes schooled women actually begun to vocalize their concern over their stifled rights during that era. Calmly at first, they started calling attention to the fact that for so long, women had been relegated to an inferior position in all cultures, societies and religions. By tradition, the man was lord and master for women to love, honor and obey. Women are given away in marriage, sold on dowry like cattle. Only the husband can divorce his wife and never the other way around. In some cultures, women cannot choose their spouses and female castration was a popular custom. In China, women were subjected to "foot-binding" as girls so that they would be controlled by men in their lifetime.3 ________________________ 3 In this custom, the girls' feet are bound in cement in childhood to make movement painful. Such discrimination against

What the different between personnel management and HR management Essay

What the different between personnel management and HR management - Essay Example They do not hold identical views about the similarities and dissimilarities between human resource management and personnel management. Human resource management often regards employees as resources. This encourages investment in training and development as well as other activities, which increase the worth of the investments making them motivated to fulfill their job roles. On other hand, personnel management views the employees as costs of the business and has to be controlled and kept to a minimum. Hence, employees are one of the largest costs of a business. Furthermore, human resource management is naturally practical. Its main area of concern is the existing conditions within an organization, but it anticipates future requirements and then it comes up with an action plan. On the other hand, personnel management is naturally reactive. It suits itself by making sure that peaceful relations as regards to management of labor exist in the present. Human resource management gives emphasis to unlimited contracts, which can be customized based on the existing business demands. In this regard, management is tasked with the responsibility of motivating its staff and this is often a catalyst for improved performance. Personnel management gives emphasis to the strict observance of established contracts, procedures, and rules that oversee the relationship between the management and the employees (Chandramohan, 2008). Based on the differences outlined above, it is worth concluding that human resource management is most crucial in an organization. In addition, social significance of personnel management is evident since it enhances the dignity of people at work by satisfying their social

Natural human caused Disasters Essay Example for Free

Natural human caused Disasters Essay 1. The rigs malfunctioning blowouts preventer ultimately failed, but it was needed only because of human errors. Those errors originated with a team of BP engineers in Houston, such as 1. Fewer barriers to gas flow 2. Fewer centralizers to keep cement even 3. No bond log to check cement integrity 4. Pressure test misinterpreted 5. Mud barrier removed early 6. Blowouts preventer failed. 2. In the months following the Gulf oil disaster, wildlife managers, rescue crews scientists and researchers saw many immediate impacts of the oil impacting wildlife. Oil coated birds feathers, causing birds to lose their buoyancy and the ability to regulate body temperature. Mammals ingested oil causing internal bleeding, sea turtles covered in oil, dead and dying sea coral. 3. Many humans experienced respiratory problems he developed during the cleanup of the BP oil spill. People can be exposed to the chemicals in oil by breathing them, by swallowing them, or by touching them. Previous studies show consistent evidence of acute toxic effects, mainly neurological, ocular, and respiratory, of those living in exposed communities and among clean-up workers. 4. BPs stock fell by 52% in 50 days on the New York Stock Exchange, BP gas stations in the United States, the majority of which the company does not own, reported sales off between 10 and 40% due to backlash against the company. On 5 July 2010, BP reported that its own expenditures on the oil spill had reached $3.12 billion, including the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs. Due to the loss of the market value, BP had dropped from the second to the fourth largest of the four major oil companies by 2013 5. It was a massive spilling the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowouts that began with the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion on April 20, 2010, At 9:56 pm, Gas, oil and concrete from the Deepwater Horizon explode up the wellbore onto the deck and then catches fire. The explosion kills 11 platform workers and injured 17 others; another 98 people survive without serious physical injury 6. A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil  utilizing skimmer ships, 7. BP LLP owned the well that blew up, Transocean Ltd owned the rig, and Halliburton Co. conducted the key tests right before the event. 8. Victims of oil spills have few methods available to them for receiving monetary compensation. To recover from any financial losses sustained due to the BP oil spill in 2010 their options are 1) an individual law suit in civil court, 2) a class-action law suit in civil court, or 3) the court approved settlement. BP created a compensation fund, Therefore a $20 billion fund was agreed upon for the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. 9. Senator Charles Schumer responded to the continuing Gulf oil leak by proposing new legislative action that would raise the liability BP could face for the disaster 1. 10. In the BP Oil Spill, more than 200 million gallons of crude oil was pumped into the Gulf of Mexico for a total of 87 days, making it the biggest oil spill in U.S. history. Causing it to be a very large geographic issue because of the gallons of oil that were pumped into our ocean.

Essay --

The idea of justice although obvious for philosophers like Locke, Rousseau, and John Rawls, proves itself to be a labyrinthine issue for Americans; nevertheless, ones thing is clear: the people are guaranteed the ability to pursue happiness. Sometimes searching for American equity juxtaposes the American Dream to the pursuit of happiness with a paralytic justice. However, justice in all forms plays a part through the governments duty; who does the government serve and protect? Despite this, opportunity continues to play a major role in correlation to the hopes and aspirations of many Americans; what freedoms to pursue happiness would Americans receive if they were striped of their rights? Justice is a means to an end-it's something done to achieve something else. It's the search for equal opportunity and protection of one's rights under the law. So then what's the destination of justice? For most people there is no destination but merely a trail or pursuit if you will. A pursuit of happiness. Happiness is a state of well being and contentment that is received alongside the individual, the community, and society. Individual justice can be seen in protecting one's rights from being infringed upon. In the case of Brown vs. EMA (2010), several parents pushed for the banning of selling violent video games to their minors. Playing violent video games is not illegal nor unconstitutional so then why should there be a fine for the sellers in correlation with every infraction? Why should the decision of one parent's lack to monitor and parent their child affect every single parent in the nation? In this case, most Americans saw their rights being infringed upon with a crippled form of justice. Individual justice is seen... ...ciety's duty to aid it's individuals and communities, who follow the law, in their quest for merriment. When man disavows opportunity cost and its intergenerational implications, they constrict the range of options available to current and future generations. In fact, the rights to liberty and the pursuit of happiness now become infringed. This becomes the duty of the sovereign: to promote equal terms to each individual within a community or more generally speaking, society. Without the balance of power offered between the government and the people, there would be no state of well being and contentment. Individual justice would be infringed through the neglect of one's rights, communal justice would't exist because there wouldn't be equal opportunity for man to thrive, and societal equality wouldn't be permitted because no one would be equal under the law.

The use of recombinant technology can only benefit humans

Recombination is a way in which meiosis produces new combinations of genetic information. During synapsis, chromatids may exchange parts with other chromatids, leading to a physical exchange of chromosome parts; thus, genes from both parents may be combined on the same chromosome, creating a new combination. Recombinant DNA technology is a series of techniques in which DNA fragments are linked to self-replicating forms of DNA to create recombinant DNA molecules. These molecules in turn are replicated in a host cell to create clones of the inserted segments. I think that recombinant technology only benefits humans as it allows us much greater control over genetic manipulation, which we can then use to our advantage. Indge, Rowland and Baker (2000) summarises some of the ways that recombinant technology has been beneficial to humans; > Genetically engineered micro organisms- large amounts of insulin and human growth hormone can be produced cheaply. > Genetically modified plants- Desirable plants can be transferred from an organism to a crop plant. > Genetically modified animals- human proteins such as haemoglobin and blood-clotting factors, are already produced in the milk of transgenic cows, goats and sheep. > Human gene therapy- gene therapy involves inserting a ‘normal' gene into an organism's body to correct a genetic disorder. ; Mapping human chromosomes (the Human Genome Project)- scientists in over 1000 laboratories around the world are contributing to the Human Genome Project. Their aim is to create a map of all human chromosomes, identifying the precise location of every gene. This will help to develop new gene therapy treatments. The ability to clone genes through the use of recombinant technology is a big advantage to humans. The production of human insulin is now done on a very large scale and benefits many thousands of diabetics. Kent (2000) states that human insulin made by recombinant DNA technology produces fewer side effects than insulin prepared from cow or pig pancreatic extracts, previously the main source of insulin. But diabetics are not the only people who are benefiting from recombinant technology. Jones and Jones (1999) show that considerable advances in genetic engineering are making gene therapy possible. Gene therapy is intended to correct inherited disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, which are caused by a defective gene. If the ‘correct' gene could be inserted into the affected person's cells, then they should be free of the disease. Recombinant technology is also beneficial to humans when it comes to crop production. Genetic engineering is used to produce pest resistant varieties of crop, which means that fewer pesticides would have to be used on the crops and they would produce a greater yield. Jones and Jones (1999) say that tomatoes have been produced containing genes that result in them remaining fresh for much longer than usual after picking. This makes it much easier, and therefore cheaper, to transport them form grower to sale point, so they have a much longer shelf life. But genetically modified crops can also cause problems in the environment. If crops are produced containing a gene making them resistant to herbicides and are then sprayed with the herbicide to kill weeds, this gene might then somehow spread to wild plants and affect the balance of the ecosystem. Although recombinant technology is of great use to humans when it comes to gene therapy and genetically modified crops it can also be a threat if used in the wrong way. Jones and Jones (1999) state that the techniques of genetic engineering could be used deliberately to create new organisms that could infect and kill humans. There are, of course, already many organisms that can do this, but little use had been made on biological warfare. About half of the nations of the world signed a treaty in 1972 pledging not to produce biological weapons of any kind. However, the concern remains, and it is certainly possible that new, highly dangerous forms of infectious organisms could be used deliberately.

Indian Monsoon Essay

Remember the ‘Famine 1975!’ (?) – A bestseller by William and Paul Paddock which had created ripples throughout the world by their comments on the underdeveloped countries especially India. Their message was loud and clear â€Å"Let the (hopeless) Indians starve to death†. Humiliated by the inefficiency due to lack of advanced technology and inability to be self-dependent to feed the population drastic changes were implemented by then policy makers of Democratic Republican of India. Mr Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan led the crusade to make India self-sufficient by spreading the green revolution throughout India. Since then India has never looked back despite weak monsoons frequently. Impact of green revolution – So what led to the doomsday being averted? The modern practices in agriculture were implemented with newer technology. But the turning point was the introduction of high yielding variety of seeds which made the dependence on monsoon much less. The genetically modified seeds increased India’s production from 120 tonnes to 170 tonnes in a span of just one year. India also invested in agricultural universities to promote research in drought resistant seeds. Land reforms in that era resulted in the consolidation of small holdings which resulted in implementation of technology optimally. MS Swaminathan was instrumental in spreading the awareness rapidly regarding the ill effects of fertilizers and pesticides which eroded the quality of soil. New policies were implemented to make the credit supply for farmers easy and convenient. The cumulative effects of all these changes made sure India would not have to be completely dependent on monsoons in future. Initially the food grain production did increase with the implementation of green revolution but after ten years it reached its saturation. The food grain available per person reached its peak at 480 gms per person. The consumption of protein rich foods which were not dependent on agriculture increased simultaneously with growth of India’s economy. Although the penetration of superior foods among the lower strata of population was still insignificant but the consumption among the higher end of the society increased considerably. Implementation of PDS – The game changer however was the improved public distribution system. Monsoon in India is peculiar in the sense that the rainfall may be deficient in some areas whereas abundant in other. So the production also follows the same pattern being under target in the monsoon deficient areas whereas bumper production in the abundant monsoon areas. But the irony was that he food grain in the bumper production region were left to rot despite of the people starving in other regions. The rapid development of roads led to a better connectivity which ensures that the food grain output can be equitably distributed across India. So even if the monsoon being deficient in some areas the excessive output from other regions could be sent across to compensate or the low production. Improved irrigation – The dependence of agriculture on monsoon has declined over the years. Compared to 1965, when 67% of the agriculture was dependent on monsoon, only 40 % of the agriculture is dependent on rainfall today. The irrigation earlier was due to canals which were indirectly dependent on rainfall but now the irrigation is mostly by tube wells which are not dependent on monsoons. So a decline in monsoon won’t affect the production output drastically. India traditionally produces two crops, kharif and rabi. Kharif crops are cultivated in the monsoons and rabi crops are cultivated in the winters. So kharif crops are dependent on, whereas rabi crops are unaffected by, monsoons. Earlier the kharif crops accounted for three fourths of the total output but in the contemporary scenario the output of kharif and rabi crops are almost equal. So a deficient monsoon may change the output of kharif crops slightly but the rabi output won’t be affected. Inflation rendered ineffective – Weak monsoon will fuel inflation due to the supply and demand mismatch. The increase in level of prices will have some effect on other commodities as well. Having said that, as per the the PDS scheme the population under the BPL gets 35 kg of food grain every month. So the poor won’t be affected much by increase in the food inflation Effect on GDP – India’s agriculture contributed to around 52% of the total GDP in 1950. The investments in the manufacturing sector as well as the rise of Indian services sector led to decrease in the share of the agriculture in India’s GDP. Presently agriculture contributes only 14% to the GDP. So even if the production decreases due to weak monsoon its effect on the GDP will be negligible. Even 7% drop in the output, though very unlikely would decrease the GDP by only 1 %. Forex sufficiency – Earlier India received foodgrains on charity – primarily from USA, Australia and Canada. But dependencies have been worked upon. Scenarios have been mitigated. Today, India has $300 billion as foreign reserves and has earned enough forex reserves to buy food grains in times of emergency. The current reserves of the food grain stands at 80 million tonnes, so a situation of import is highly improbable. These all contribute as the major reasons which have ceased Indian-draughts & fickle monsoon conditions from being calamities anymore. Foodgrain availability remains as low as in the 1960s, despite the green revolution. But rapid GDP growth, by hugely boosting the share of services and industry in GDP, has made agriculture a relative pygmy, greatly reducing the economy’s monsoon dependence. Yet when everything is said and read, things aren’t as rosy as we have depicted above. There remains a catch : a drought may no longer mean mass starvation, but it still means food inflation!

The History of the BASIC Programming Language

The History of the BASIC Programming Language In the 1960s, computers ran on gigantic mainframe machines, requiring their special rooms with powerful air-conditioning to keep them cool. The mainframes received their instructions from punch cards by computer operators, and any instructions given to a mainframe required writing a new piece of software, which was the realm of mathematicians and nascent computer scientists.   BASIC, a computer language written at Dartmouth college in 1963, would change that. Beginnings of BASIC The language BASIC was an acronym for Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was developed by Dartmouth mathematicians John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtzas as a teaching tool for undergraduates. BASIC was intended to be a computer language for generalists to use to unlock the power of the computer in business and other realms of academia. BASIC was traditionally one of the most commonly used computer programming languages, considered an easy step for students to learn before more powerful languages such as FORTRAN. Until very recently, BASIC (in the form of Visual BASIC and Visual BASIC .NET) was the most widely known computer language among developers. The Spread of BASIC The advent of the personal computer was crucial to the success of BASIC. The language was designed for hobbyists, and as computers became more accessible to this audience, books of BASIC programs and BASIC games surged in popularity. In 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, the founding fathers of Microsoft,) wrote a version of BASIC for the Altair personal computer. It was the first product Microsoft sold. Later Gates and Microsoft wrote versions of BASIC for the Apple computer, and IBMs DOS which Gates provided came with its version of BASIC. The Decline and Rebirth of BASIC By the mid-1980s, the mania for programming personal computers had subsided in the wake of running professional software created by others. Developers also had more options, such as the new computer languages of C and C. But the introduction of Visual Basic, written by Microsoft, in 1991, changed that. VB was based on BASIC and relied on some of its commands and structure, and proved valuable in many small business applications. BASIC .NET, released by Microsoft in 2001, matched the functionality of Java and C# with the syntax of BASIC. List of BASIC Commands Here are some of the commands associated with the earliest BASIC languages developed at Dartmouth:   Ã‚  HELLO - log inBYE - log offBASIC - start BASIC modeNEW - name and begin writing a programOLD - retrieve a previously named program from permanent storageLIST - display the current programSAVE - save the current program in permanent storageUNSAVE - clear the current program from permanent storageCATALOG - display the names of programs in permanent storageSCRATCH - erase the current program without clearing its nameRENAME - change the name of the current program without erasing itRUN - execute the current programsSTOP - interrupt the currently running program

Definition of a Timber Rotation Period

Definition of a Timber Rotation Period A timber rotation period is simply the time between the establishment of a stand of trees and when that same stand is ready for a final cut. This period of years, often called the optimum rotation period, is especially important when foresters try to determine the most advantageous harvest condition in an even-aged stand of trees. When a stand is either economically mature or reaching beyond natural maturity, the rotation period has been reached and a final harvest can be planned. In any given condition, there is a best size and age to which timber should be allowed to grow. These sizes and ages can be very different depending on the desired harvest scheme used and the final timber product to be produced. What is important to know is that a premature cutting ​should  be avoided before trees reach their optimum value or, on the other hand, that trees in a stand do not grow beyond their optimum size and continued vigor. Over mature stands can result in defective tree deterioration, timber handling, and milling problems. There is also a time in maturing stands when a decreasing growth rate (of return) hurts the owners investment return. An optimum timber rotation is often based on and determined by precisely calculated criteria using the latest developments in forest statistics and the proper equipment. These criteria include measuring a stands mean diameter and height (stand size), determining the stand age in years, coring and measuring tree rings to determine the climax of mean annual increment and monitoring all these data for the onset of negative physical deterioration or when growth rates drop.

Intro to Business Assignment 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to Business Assignment 2 - Coursework Example We realize that this shall ultimately benefit our valued customers and lead to a stronger reputation of our business in years to come. Your co operation in this regard shall be highly appreciated. Sincerely, Mr. ABC Topic B: In corporations, the interests of the stockholders are largely protected by the Board of Directors who are appointed by the former to take decisions in favor of them. The Board of Directors are paid handsome amount including stock options, compensation packages etc. and are appointed under fiduciary obligation that entices them to run the company in a way that benefits the stockholders. However, as far as the legal obligations are concerned, the penalty for not acting in the interests of shareholders varies because of difficulties for the Court in assessing the decision taken (Lawrence & Weber, 2010). The fact that shareholders vote for the Board of Directors makes the latter liable to perform in the interests of the former because if that doesn’t happen t hen the shareholders have the power to dismiss the directors. The concept is similar to that of voting under democracy.

Honesty versus Justice and Due Process versus Crime Control Essay

Honesty versus Justice and Due Process versus Crime Control - Essay Example According to the classic definition of Justice each person should get his or her due. Aristotle more than two thousand years ago defined that "equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally." This fundamental principle has been followed by many nations while developing the laws for their country and countrymen. Our legal system is based on a system of justice. The whole lot from Police to Judiciary and legislature that enacts the laws play a part in the legal system; in fact all have their roles defined in the criminal justice system. As far as honesty is concerned it has been often alleged that it has taken the worst beating within the criminal justice system and judiciary while dispensing justice gives more importance to technicalities than sometimes the truth that though is quite apparent but has no witness to falsify the opposition's claim. This debate has continued for centuries on the trot. It doesn't mean that the system is there for the corrupt and the dishonest. When the leading functionaries within the criminal justice system like the Judges, Police officials are inducted they take an oath to uphold the integrity of their office with all honesty. There are sometimes a few among the flock who bring a bad name to the whole system by manipulating the system to satisfy their narrow e nds, they should be dealt with sternly when their conduct comes to light. The other pillars of the criminal justice system have a role to play. For example it is true that Police can be misused by lodging a false complaint against someone, but if the cops are honest to their duty then there are inbuilt procedures within the system to be followed during the investigation process that can make clear at the first stage itself if the offence alleged is true or not without committing the case to the court. Here at this stage itself sometimes the Investigating officer by being careless and negligent during investigation can book the innocent victim, who later might be honorably acquitted by the court but in the process undergoes a lot of harassment, shaking his faith in the whole system and starts to think that the system is corrupt. The same can be said about the judiciary that follows the rule quite diligently that an innocent must not be punished. Sometimes some overzealous lawyers in order benefit their client's interests manipulate the truth or facts on record to suit their end. But it can be said that lawyers are professionals and they have a work to do. It is their duty to put the facts before the court in the best way possible and then for the court to dispense justice. Generally Lawyers cannot be expected to turn the apostle of peace, honesty and justice when they see there are many loopholes in the prosecution case and they exploit those to the hilt. Technically it can be called dishonesty but as discussed above that it is their job to protect the interests of their client in the best possible manner. Here the burden of upholding the truth is more on the judges and to bring the rules and procedures within the system to their best use so that the truth, honor and honesty is not a victim within the criminal justice system. Within the Criminal justice system and private security 'due process' and 'Crime Control' are given a lot of importance. According to the 'Random House Dictionary

Global Warming Based from Scientific Studies Research Paper - 1

Global Warming Based from Scientific Studies - Research Paper Example Al Gore is better known as a politician than a scientist or environmentalist and this perhaps led him to introduce himself by giving a little background of his education and work experiences, linking him to experts on global warming. Having established himself as a person in authority to discuss the subject matter, Gore proceeds to give the traditional explanation about global warming. He mentions that the atmosphere has a thin layer that traps some infrared radiation which helps regulate the earth’s temperature, making it a livable place. However, with the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by air pollution, that layer is thickened, causing more infrared radiation trapped in the atmosphere which in turn causes higher temperature worldwide (Gore, 2006). (The second paragraph has to be reconstructed and broken down because it seemed that the former paragraph was quite long and had different ideas. Moreover, there were corrections with sentence constructions.) T o add more drama and to hold his viewer’s attention as well as make his argument stronger, Gore presents valid discourses of other people which he further discusses. For instance, he mentions that there is the supposition that the earth is so big and therefore, the fears for global warming are far from possible. He acknowledges this debate but goes on to prove that global warming is as real as the air we breathe. Gore presents facts about the conditions of glaciers a few decades ago in contrast to how they are now by showing old and new pictures of well-known places such as Kilimanjaro, the Italian Alps and Rhone Glacier.

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis Take a case of actually existing civil society and critically discuss the extent to which your case has managed to achieve any democratic or developmental progress. Championed as the panacea for development ills under the neoliberal New Policy Agenda (McIllwaine;1998), civil society has become the sweetheart of development donors (Barr, Fafchamps Owens, 2005;659), famed for its ability to incubate participatory development[ma1][ma2]. Civil society is conceptualised as an independent third pillar between state and market, comprising of horizontal networks of associational groups with cross cut ties of kinship and patronage (Putnam, 1993). Within this network, citizens organize to pursue shared interests and influence policy in the public domain (UNDP, 2014). Civil society organisations (CSOs) can embody autonomous or NGO supported community based organisations, or can comprise of NGOs as primary agents of civil society themselves (Mohan, 2002[ma3]). Despite doubt surrounding the classification of NGOs as CSOs (Carmody, 2007), this essay will define NGOs as a variant of CSOs, as their primary purpose is influencing public policy (Edwards Hulme, 1997;24), and are independent from direct government control (UNDP, 2014[ma4][ma5]). Thus, for the reasons outlined, this essay will focus on the Voice2People programme of Christian Aid, an NGO based CSO. Ultimately, this essay will examine the extent to which the normative framework advocating CSOs as the missing middle between citizen and state (World Bank, 1996;114), represents the reality of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996;19). It is in this sense that actually existing civil society is defined as the reality of CSOs in practise as largely dissonant from the normative promised agenda for change (Ibid). By analysing Christian Aids Voice2People programme, this essay will posit that the realities of actually existing civil society are divergent from the normative ideals placed upon it, and thus can achieve little democratic or developmental success. This essay will begin by demonstrating the normative and programmatic qualities perceived as inherent within CSOs, in particular their ability to facilitate participatory development, upon which donor funding is predicated (Igoe Kelsall, 2005). It will then outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, in relation to the normative characteristics it is perceived to retain. Once the theoretical framework is outlined, this paper will then assess the extent to which these normative ideals diverge from reality of actually existing civil society. By outlining the flaws of the theoretical framework underlying the programme, and the problematic constraints it faced, this essay will conclude by arguing that contrary to normative perceptions, actually existing civil society in the case of the Voice2People programme, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress. The normative characteristics of civil society organisations However, it is first essential to outline the perceived normative characteristics of CSOs in order to analyse their divergence from the empirical reality of actually existing civil society. These characteristics are normative in the sense they are expected rather than empirically validated. It[ma6][ma7] is also essential to underscore the ideological nature of these characteristics, which dovetail the neoliberal new policy agenda (Robinson, 2003;2) which embraces the democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710) in supporting inclusive participation to facilitate development (Mertz, 2012;54). Firstly, neoliberal theory posits CSOs as vehicles through which to build better citizens (Archer, 1994). Civil society is thus perceived as an arena for the cultivation of liberal norms, including participation and market rationality (Williams Young, 2012). CSOs become schools of liberal democracy (Banks, Edwards Hulme, 2015;4) educating citizens to take participate in formulating their own development agenda. Secondly, CSOs are also regarded as key actors in encouraging increased state accountability, as an active civil society enables choice, scrutinises errant governments, and leads to pluralised democracy (Mohan, 2002). CSOs thus demand state accountability to local demands (Suileman, 2013;245) an issue outlined by the Voice2People baseline report (Christian Aid, 2013). In addition, CSOs are also perceived by donors as vital facilitators of democratisation. This is because CSOs are seen to exhibit a pluralising function as they disperse the distribution of political power in s ociety through increasing channels of access (Hadenius Uggla, 1996) what Ndegwa (1996;3) terms the civil society political liberalisation thesis. Additionally, as Przewoski (1992) notes, CSOs also play a constitutive role in defining the rules of state/CSO interaction along democratic lines. Finally, the last perceived function of CSOs is facilitating localised empowerment, so communities can pursue their own development activities either through CSOs or as autonomous politically conscious citizens. This view posits the poor not as beneficiaries, but as controllers of the development process with the means to radically alter their own situation (Clark, 1991;201). However, for the sake of this essay, the above functions will be amalgamated into one role of facilitating participatory development the process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources that affect themselves (Worldbank, 1996b;4). This requires the participation of empowered groups in the design and implementation of development projects, and is dependent on a state open to pluralising the political arena to organisations such as CSOs who can demand accountability on behalf of their members. The[ma8] next section of this essay will outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, which attempts to facilitate participatory development in Nigeria. A case of actually existing civil society Christian Aids Voice2People programme is a DFID funded programme worth  £2million (DFID, 2016), aiming to facilitate citizen-driven development and increased government accountability in Anambra State, Nigeria (Christian Aid, 2016;2). It is through this programme which aims to influence public development policy, that Christian Aid can be regarded as a CSO in its own right. Prior to the programme, the baseline report suggested that 54% of 1, 535 respondents in the area felt they were not able participate in making demands to state representatives, and that there was no accountability mechanism to ensure state compliance with local needs (Christian Aid, 2013;6-8). Consequently, the Voice2People community based programme utilised two strategies (outlined by Brown and Tandon;1994) in an attempt to rectify this democratic deficit (Warleigh, 2001;1). Firstly, Voice2People employed state reform strategies to secure agreements which guaranteed quarterly community engagement meetings, with the aim to precipitate democratic norms such as state accountability. Secondly, societal programmes such as the use of participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) intended to create community charters of needs, aiming to immerse all levels of community participation in development consultations (Christian Aid, 2016a;8). However, this next section will analyse the theoretical and practical barriers which constrain the Voice2People programme; an example of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996:19); in achieving participatory development. Can Voice2People achieve participatory development? In the donor community, the perceived functions of CSOs are taken as normative and unproblematic. This is concerning as this next section will show, there are various theoretical and practical barriers which constrains actually existing civil society (in this case, the Voice2People programme) to achieving participatory development[ma9]. Theoretical barriers One[ma10] of the first theoretical constraints which limit the Voice2People programme and other CSO work in achieving participatory development, is the problematic dichotomy in which state and CSOs are theorised (Lewis, 2000). CSOs are perceived as autonomous agent able to impose community-formulated demands onto a democratic state. However, it is unwise to conceive civil society as unconstrained by the power of the state, as Hadenius and Uggla (1996) note, CSO inclusion is dependent on regime type, with autocratic regimes opposing CSO engagement due to desire to monopolise the political space (Clark, 1991[ma11]). Therefore, as Stewart (1997) suggests, the presence of CSOs does not instantly facilitate democratic engagement with states. In some cases, inclusion of CSOs into policy consultation is little more than PR to meet the criteria of debt relief. In the case of Voice2Protect, government legislation passed in July 2016 which requires a state-led regulatory body to oversee the wo rk of CSOs (Civicus, 2016), demonstrates the power of the Nigerian state in constraining the work of Voice2People. It is therefore too simplistic to theorise the state and CSOs as independent actors with equal agency in influencing public policy[ma12]. Moreover, it would also be unwise to suggest that even democratic states can adequately address the demands of CSOs, as due to the streamlining and weakening of state under structural adjustment, gridlock can occur, whereby the sheer volume of CSO interests and demands can lead to political impasse (Blair, 1997 in Lewis, 2002). This suggests that Voice2People is unable to achieve participatory development success either due to the constraining power of the state, or through lack of state capacity, notions largely ignored by the theoretical framework. This has led to the critique by some post-colonial scholars, who suggest that civil society as a concept has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life (maia) which can include an autocratic state characterised by big men rule (cite). Therefore, although Voice2People established a working relationship with the House that was formalised with an agreement to hold quarterly meetings with members (Christian Aid, 2016;4), there are no constitutional mechanisms to guarantee the continuation of this interaction, and no clear capacity of the state to meet the demands forwarded by Voice2People. This is further evidenced by the Voice2People progress report which cites that citizens found it difficult to engage government officials si nce the governments lacked the financial power to undertaken any projects (Christian Aid, 2014;6). As well as the problematic dichotomy between state and CSOs, the theoretical underpinnings behind CSO led service provision also limits the extent to which Voice2People can achieve participatory development. Due to their closeness to intended beneficiaries, CSOs are regarded as ideal for replacing waning state services that have been decimated by structural adjustment (Carmody;2007). Empowerment therefore is economic in the liberal sense, as through the participation of contributing funds towards a community service project, one gets to become the controller of their own development. Voice2People utilises this approach to pacify the 46% of respondents who were not happy at allwith the level of state service provision (Christian Aid, 2013;6). Although seemingly locally appropriate, this approach is highly problematic as it reduces the concept of public welfare to mere private provision to the extent that citizens forego their sense of state entitlement (Kamat, 2003;156). CSO service p rovision, no matter how well intentioned, therefore reduces the state to a franchise state (Wood, 1997;1) ultimately unaccountable for the services provided to its citizens through other actors. Community based service provision as utilised by Voice2People therefore achieves very little democratic output, as any state accountability based on service provision is nullified, and replaced by self-dependency. Additionally, this project does little to increase development, as the limited financial accessibility of community funded services, means that the chronic poor seldom partake in this form of neoliberal participation and are thus excluded from accessing vital services. conclude [ma13][ma14] Practical constraints When aiming to facilitate participatory development, one of the practical constraints faced by Voice2Protect is the extent to which it can achieve full participation. In an attempt to facilitate inclusive participationVoice2People liaisons with established community structures (Christian Aid), to create charters of demands which prioritise community development needs (ibid). However, by working through established community structures such as chieftaincies, existing power relations are entrenched and reproduced (white). This new localism which essentialises established structures as microcosms of a homogenous community (mohan) is problematic, as it excludes traditionally ostracised groups from access to civil society participation. Additionally, community participation can also be co-opted by middle class hegemonic groups in a bid to access influences and resources (Mercer and green), often leading to disillusionment amongst the primordial public of traditionalist groups who interven tions aimed to target (Suiliman[ma15]). These issues occurred in the Voice2Project programme, whereby community mobilisation was misconstrued to have political bearings by stakeholders wanting to gain access (cite) and thus exclusive meetings were still utilised to buy-in community leadership for the middle classes(Cite). Conclude On a similar note, for Voice2Protect to achieve full democratic participation, there needs to be greater emphasis on the gendered implications of PRAs and other participatory tools, as some V2P communities are yet to adopt balanced representation in decision making platforms (cite). The time necessary to participate in decision making is problematic, as it reduces the time women dedicate to caregiving roles, therefore impeding female participation (Howell and Milligan[ma16]). This then leads to talking to men about women which is hardly democratic nor will ever understand the gendered development issues facing women as a group (Ardner). Concludeand addmore Additionally, one of the clearest practical factors constraining Voice2Protect in facilitating participatory development, is that contrary to building better citizens (archer), CSOs can often pluralise the political arena for the worst, incorporating the voice of extremist or violent community organisations (Lewis and Kanjii). A pluralised political arena thus legitimises vice as well as virtue (Robinson White, 1998;229), as well as ethnic chauvinism (diamond) as an exercise in liberal democracy. Although this does increase pluralised democratic output (for the better or for worse), such instances could indeed hinder inclusive community development, as can often become a platform for legitimising prejudices or community based structural violence[ma17][ma18][ma19]. more Finally, an additional practical limitation faced by Voice2People, is the problematic mode through which democratic participation is facilitated within its programmes. Ultimately, the Voice2People programme is externally facilitated by an NGO based CSO, unlike programmes led by traditionalist CSOs which arise out of indigenous community structures. This stems from a contradictive paradox of self-help, whereby external NGO based CSOs are deployed to facilitate empowerment in traditionalist settings (Page, 2014). The concern here is, that due to the nature of Voice2People as an external NGO directed programme, true participatory development is constrained as it foregoes the political conscientization necessary for true and sustainable empowerment. Evidently, by using NGO based CSOs as proxies for indigenous organisations[ma20], only artificial low intensity democracy can be achieved (Carmody). This artificial empowerment runs the risk of disintegrating once the NGO based CSO has withdr awn, and is therefore unsustainable and unable to exert continuous pressure for longstanding change. Since the timescale of the Voice2People programme had an end date of March 2016 (Christian Aid, 2016), one can suggest that due to the lack of endogenous indigenous programmes to guarantee democratic output, participatory development progress began to disintegrate after the withdrawal of Christian Aid. This suggests that the dichotomy theorised by Mamdani (1996;19), which bifurcates the normative perceptions of civil society and its actually existing form, is too simplistic to encapsulate the different issues faced by varying CSOs. Through homogenising the realities of all actually existing civil society, the dichotomy ignores the vastly different realities faced by NGO based CSOs in relation to indigenous organisations[ma21]. Conclusion Normative ideals as unattainable clear divergence to the reality fo actually existing civil society [ma1]democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710 [ma2]Since democracy is regarded as the requisite political system conducive to growth (Chan, 2002), [ma3]Make all this link a bit more [ma4]Something about beneficiary membership or something about closeness to them [ma5]This will become important later on [ma6]Link these two sections together better [ma7] [ma8]Make sure you notePD as requiring liberally moulded empowered citizen participation and a democratic and accountable state. [ma9]Describe theoretical as motivations beind and practical barriers and issues facing actual formation/methodology [ma10]Maybe link western concept here: universalism of normative ideal does not take into account the authoritarian big man state this suggests it is applicable to western experience only. Miaia Why are we pushing the concept it if has failed in the US (Carmoroff and Carmoroff) [ma11]Mandani state power is in the ability to incorporate [ma12]Conclude: how does this link to participatory development? How does this constrain V2P? [ma13] Moreover, it can also be argued that the envisioned concept of civil society is applicable only to the western experience and thus in reality, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress elsewhere (Lewis, 2003). In this sense, donor support for CSOs is misguided, as the theoretical framework used to mould civil society in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life such as the constraining power of tribe and caste (Maina). It also ignores the need of a democratic tradition to perpetuate democratic norms within civil society, as an earlier point states, the presence of CSOs such as Voice2People, does not necessarily equate to democracy. Additionally, the limited western definition of CSOs may lead to duplication of efforts to build civil society where an indigenous form already exists (Uggla). This dissonance of the legitimacy to alternatives to western defined CSOs limits true democr acy due to the monopolisation of the political sphere by one homogenous form of CSO (hearn, 2001). When the wrong kinds of CSO are excluded, how can participatory development occur? (Banks Edwards and Hulme). Actually existing civil society cannot therefore lead to full participatory development, as the attributes of civil society itself, are western and ungeneralizable to the Nigerian case. Link to V2P. conclude [ma14] [ma15]say this too much reword this so it isnt repetitive [ma16]needs to link more [ma17]need an example of V2P and how this is not participatory can prejudices lead to the deliberate exclusion of others in participation the need for monitors has reflected this [ma18]it is in this sense that White cites the possibility of CS impeding democracy by gives rise to a multiplicity of distinct structures of dominance and subordinacy [ma19]find example of this in CA policy doccs [ma20]I can only stress that throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [ma21]add example of this from CA policy docc

The Cuban Revolution Essays -- Pérez-Stable Fidel Castro Ernesto Che G

Understanding the Insurrection and Seizure of Power [1952-1959] Marifeli Pà ©rez-Stable looks back at the Cuban Revolution through a sociological lens in her book The Cuban Revolution. Pà ©rez-Stable claims that Cubans held national independence and social justice as goals ever since the end of the nineteenth century. Radical nationalism remained important in Cubans’ view of themselves and their ideals. Thus, Pà ©rez-Stable argues that the origins of the Cuban Revolution of 1959 lie in the independence movement against Spain and the frustrations from the unfulfilled goals they had kept since before the turn of the century (Pà ©rez-Stable 1998, p 4). In the introduction of The Cuban Revolution, the author lists six factors which made Cuba "susceptible" to radical revolution (it is interesting to note that Pà ©rez-Stable is essentially giving no credit to the 26th of July Movement and Castro, but rather she is noting how the Cuban society was susceptible to revolution). The six factors listed are: mediated sovereignty, sugar-centered development, uneven modernization, the crisis of political authority, the weakness of the clases econà ³micas, and the relative strength of the clases populares (Pà ©rez-Stable, p 7). The vicious circle with the U.S. and sugar plays a big role in the situation and in the 1950’s. As Pà ©rez-Stable points out, without sugar there could be no Cuba, but there is no benefits to sugar without the U.S. market. The importance of social classes was also paramount, especially the unionized working class. On a more political level, Pà ©rez-Stable discusses the anti-Platt politics and the implications of the Constitution of 1940. According to Pà ©rez-Stable, "The Constitution of 1940 reestablished democracy and r... ...tions that may have weakened or slowed its progress. The revolutionary government of Grau San Martà ­n was a good example of how too many unions during the rise of a movement starts to be counterproductive. The coalition formed under Grau San Martà ­n never succeeded, in part, because nobody in the coalition was fully satisfied. The left never felt that Grau was radical enough, and the influence from the right eventually swayed Grau in their direction. In both 1933 and 1959, the communists wanted a "full" revolution, and thanks to the Castro’s narrow revolution strategy, a full revolution succeeded. The small nature of the revolution allowed Castro to direct it exactly as he wanted to, and to avoid allies slowing him down. During this time, Castro and his barbudos were able to win over many peasants and urban people alike, and eventually gain the support of the nation.

Compare the suitability of Greenfield and Brownfield sites for housing development

A) Compare the suitability of Greenfield and Brownfield sites for housing development If new homes were built, then some would be in rural areas and some in the cities. There are major arguments over the proportion of the new households that should be in cities, rural areas, villages and towns. This has become the debate other whether new homes should be on Greenfield or Brownfield land, which are vague terms. Brownfield land is sometimes used to refer to land in urban areas. A more narrow definition is land urban areas that have been previously developed often for industry, offices and housing. Some Brownfield sites will have been cleared of old building, others will not. Brownfield land can be found in both major cities and small towns. Greenfield land is land that has never been developed and includes wasteland that no one ever wanted to build on, protected areas such as the green belt, and parks, golf courses and playing fields. There is both rural Greenfield land and urban Greenfield land. It is not the same as greenbelt land. The target set by the Government is for 60% of new houses to be on Brownfield land. Countryside and environmental organisations have argued the figure should be nearer 75%. The Urban Task Force, established in 1998 by the government argued that the 60% target would not be met for 3 reasons: there is a mismatch between where land is available (northern England) and where pressure for housing is the greatest (south east England); too much Greenfield land is already allocated for housing; the supply for Brownfield land is quite limited, sometimes in undesirable locations and often as high development costs due to clearing old buildings and contamination. Those who support a high proportion of new houses on urban Brownfield sites claim that it has economic, social and environmental benefits. Urban residents will be near to work and leisure activities will be able to use public transport, this would mean less car-related energy use and pollution. Brownfield development would protect rural lifestyles and the countryside and increase in car use would be averted. Arguments for building on rural Greenfield sites claim that land is usually cheaper to develop in rural areas because it has not been built on before. There is still plenty of rural land. In 1991, only 10.6% of land in England was in urban use and if development patterns continued as they have done then this figure would rise to only 11.9% by 2016. Much agricultural land is doing nothing. In 1995, 545,000 hectares of farming land (5.8% of the total) were set aside and receiving European Union subsidy. Also many farmers are experiencing difficulties, 60,000 farming jobs have been lost in the last decade. People want to live in environmentally pleasant rural areas because they have less pollution, crime and noise. This includes many of the new households that will be single person households, such as divorced people with children and widowers, many of whom will not want to live in densely populated cities. B) What are the consequences of re-urbanisation in Brighton and Hove and to what extent has this resulted in gentrification. Examples of gentrification have been shown in the consequences of Brighton and Hove's re urbanisation. Gentrification is the process where by sustained buildings in an inner area of a city are bought and improved to become homes for the middle class and wealthy. This has occurred in a number of areas in Brighton and Hove. An example of the renovation of Brighton and Hove is shown at City College in Richmond Terrace, where the windows have been designed with ‘stained' glass. Previous windows had suffered deterioration through lack of maintenance and investment since the 1960's. The main cause of this deterioration was due to the fact that the Richmond Terrace site had very little money to pay for repairs and maintenance for the windows as not many students were taking up the science and engineering courses the site had to offer. This was mainly due to the fact that there was a reduction in apprenticeship schemes. This eventually led to the abandonment of the site. Amenities and other additions made the redevelopment of the site a costly process. However, this was helped by private investments. One and two bedroom apartments have been created within the college and the prices for these starts at around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200,000. Since the re urbanisation of Brighton and Hove, many sites, like Richmond Terrace, have been recognised as having potential for gentrification. The modernisation of houses in Pelham Square within the North Laine area is another example. These run-down terrace houses now accommodate the wealthy. Private homeowners have gentrified them with no direct intervention from the Council. Gentrification also occurred after the Argus offices re-located out of this zone to an industrial estate. The building was left empty before a major fire in the winter of 1999/2000; this led to it becoming derelict. However, this has now led to it becoming an area of high status designer homes. Although to a large extent Brighton and Hove's re urbanisation has resulted in gentrification, there have been other consequences. The renovation of the North Laine area has been sensitive to preserve its character, an example of which is the improvement made to the Sydney Street. The narrow street has been made a one-way thoroughfare so less traffic passes through. It also has a widened pavement to accommodate for pedestrians and has been repaved. There are also sections of raised road to slow cars, and bollards have been erected to discourage parking on the pavements thereby making the street more pleasant. Brighton and Hove has received Single Regeneration Budget funding from the government for urban improvement because the council has proved to be effective in this area, this funding is also there because the area has been recognized as having a relatively high incidence of social problems and unemployment. To gain this funding, the council must locate matched investment, thus contributing to Brighton and Hove's re urbanisation and revitalisation as ‘the place to be'.

Explain The 5 Marketing concepts Essay

Firms and businesses, approach and conduct business in different ways in order to achieve their organizational goals. There are five competing concepts by which firms and business are guided in their marketing effort. The first three concepts production, product and selling, focus all on the product. The last two concepts marketing and societal marketing, focus on the customer. However, the commonality in all five philosophies is that they all have the same goal which is organizational profit. The choice as to which concept or philosophy to adopt depends on the circumstances of the situation The first concept, the production concept, is the philosophy that consumers will favour products that are available and highly affordable. This philosophy states that any amount of goods produced will sell if it is available and affordable to customers. When firms adopt this concept, generally they produce goods on a mass production level, to be able to produce large quantities, therefore make it more available; investing in technology is essential, to reduce the costs of production and make it more affordable. In such case the management is required to focus mostly on improving the production and distribution of a particular product. The production concept can be an appropriate philosophy in two types of situations: The first one is where the demand for a product exceeds the supply. Here the management should concentrate on finding ways to increase production. The second situation is where the product’s cost is too high and therefore improved productivity is needed to bring it down. A disadvantage of the production concept, is that firms which employ this concept risk to lose sight of what the customers really want. The product concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, and features, and therefore the organization should devote its energy to making continuous product improvements. Firms adapting this concept believe that customers are attracted to products which are very efficient and therefore the management emphasizes on adding and  building more value on a product. This concept holds that if one manages to produce the best product it will sell it self easily. A disadvantage of this concept is that firms adopting the product concept, tend to focus too much on the product and this can lead to marketing myopia. Buyers might be looking for a better solution to a problem, but not necessarily a better product in that category. The selling concept states the idea that consumers will not buy enough of the product unless the firm undertakes a large-scale of selling and promotional effort. Firms adopting this philosophy do not produce goods and services in line with people’s need and wants because they try to create demand for that particular product themselves. This task involves investing a lot in advertising and selling because this concept states that demand will be generated by doing so. This requires a good sales force, and firms to perfect various sales techniques to track down prospects and hard-sell them on the benefits of their product. The selling concept is generally practiced with unsought goods, such as insurance, encyclopedias, and funeral plots. A situation in which the selling concept is typically adopted is, when firms have overproduction, and try to sell what they have rather than what people want. A disadvantage of the selling concept is that by adopting this concept, firms mainly aim to get the sale and do not bother about any post-purchase satisfaction. This carries high risks, if customers are not satisfied, relationships are not created and therefore they are not inclined to make other purchases. The marketing concept is the philosophy that holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than others do. Firms practicing the marketing concept, start from the customer, by targeting a specific market and determining its needs and wants through market research. Products and services are than developed accordingly with the market’s demand through integrated marketing. In the  marketing concept profit is generated through building long-term relationships with customers, by delivering superior value and satisfaction. The focus of management is on the customer’s ultimate satisfaction. Hence, while the selling concept takes an inside-out perspective, the marketing concept takes an outside-in perspective. The selling concept focuses on the needs of the seller whilst the marketing concept focuses on the needs of the buyer. The Selling concept’s aim is to convert the product into cash. On the other hand the marketing concept aims to satisfy the needs of the customer by means of the product and the whole process associated with creating, delivering and finally consuming it. A disadvantage of the marketing philosophy is that this concept must be based on a long-term process and profits are realised in the long run. Also firms adopting this concept must invest a lot financially, in conducting research and in building relationships with their customers. The fifth concept, the societal marketing concept is the newest concept. It holds that the organization’s task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that it maintains and improves the consumer’s and the society’s well-being. The societal marketing concept is similar to the marketing concept, except that it also takes into consideration the society’s well-being. This concept was developed in a time where society began to question if the marketing concept was adequate in the face of worldwide environmental problems, resource shortages, and other social problems. Firms adopting the societal marketing concept believe that consumers will respond more favourably to companies which are socially responsible and react unfavourably to companies which they feel are not socially responsible. This gives socially-responsible companies a competitive edge over their competitors. The disadvantages of the societal marketing concept are the same disadvantages of the marketing concept, with the exception that this concept involves more extra costs with regards to the well being of society.